Tinnitus What Causes It
A Cure for Tinnitus
Tinnitus is associated with hearing loss that itself results from damage to the cochlea, and a lot more specifically to the organ of Corti.
This organ is an epithelium that contains the sensory hair cells required for hearing, and the decline of hair cells leads to a reduction in hearing. Absent hair cells can also be thought to set up a persistent imbalance from the cochlea that can be interpreted by the brain as sound even when no auditory signal is found in the environment. This, in fact, is the meaning of tinnitus: hearing a solid that has no additional auditory source.
Naturally, it is not as simple as that. Not everyone with hearing difficulties has tinnitus, for reasons that are unclear.
In addition, not everyone with tinnitus has an irregular audiogram. In these cases, it really is thought that individuals who have audiologically normal hearing but who suffer from tinnitus have more subtle injury to one or more restricted areas of the cochlea that are not tested by a normal audiogram. In such cases, ringing in the ears could be due to problems for frequencies above 8,000 Hz, that are not routinely examined, or �microlesions� in small areas of the sensory epithelium, in between those that encode common audiometric frequencies.
If damage to the hair cells in the organ of Corti is associated with tinnitus, this naturally leads to the question: Would the associated tinnitus be cured or improved if the organ were repaired? The answer to this is of course unknown. Animal studies are difficult as it is hard to know for sure whether an animal has tinnitus (see �The Importance of Animal Models�). And at present we cannot repair damage to hair cells in humans and so cannot currently conduct clinical trials in humans with tinnitus.
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Drug Therapy for Ringing in ears
The evidence remains thin regarding their efficacy, though drugs for tinnitus can be vetted through clinical trials.
Compared with other treatments of tinnitus symptoms, drug therapy-the use of medications or supplements to relieve tinnitus suffering-is easier to test using randomized clinical trials.
A randomized clinical trial (RCT) is an experiment in which patients with a particular condition receive one of two or more treatments, with the choice of treatment determined at random. Those receiving a placebo become the control group. Sometimes, one treatment (often new) is compared with another (often an older or better-established treatment), rather than comparing it to a placebo. In an RCT, neither the patient nor the doctor can decide which treatment a patient will receive, and �double blinding� means neither actually knows. And if the differences in outcome are large enough, it may be possible to conclude with some statistical confidence that one treatment is better than another, if the numbers of patients in each treatment group are large enough.
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